Computer mein ROM Kya Hota Hai aur Iske Kitne Types hote hain | ROM Explained in Hindi

Computer me ROM kya hota hai aur iske kitne Types hote hain.

Hello tech enthusiasts! Aaj hum baat karenge computer ke ek bahut hi important component ke baare mein – ROM (Read-Only Memory). Jab bhi hum computer ki memory ki baat karte hain, toh sabse pehle hamare dimag me RAM (Random Access Memory) ka naam aata hai. Lekin ROM bhi utni hi zaroori hai, aur shayad usse bhi zyada! Chaliye, jaante hain ROM kya hai aur iske alag-alag types kya hain.

ROM (Read-Only Memory) kya hota hai?

ROM ka pura naam hai Read-Only Memory. Jaisa ki naam se hi pata chalta hai, yeh ek aisi memory hai jise aap usually sirf padh sakte hain, usmein kuch likh(Write) ya badal(Change) nahi sakte. Yeh RAM se alag hoti hai, kyunki RAM ek "volatile" memory hai, matlab bijli jaate hi usmein store kiya gaya data mit jata hai.

ROM ek Non-Volatile memory hai. Iska matlab hai ki ismein store kiya gaya data computer band karne ya bijli jaane ke baad bhi safe rehta hai. ROM mein woh zaroori nirdesh (instructions) aur programs store hote hain jinki zaroorat computer ko chaalu hone (booting) ke liye hoti hai.

Toh ROM ka main kaam kya hai?

ROM mein 'firmware' store hota hai. Firmware ek aisa software hai jo kisi bhi hardware devices ko kaam karne ke liye zaroori hota hai. Jaise:

• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System): Jab aap computer ko ON karte hain, toh BIOS hi sabse pehle kaam karta hai. Yeh check karta hai ki computer ke sabhi hardware components (jaise keyboard, mouse, hard drive) theek se jude(Connect) hain ya nahi, aur phir operating system (jaise Windows) ko load karne mein help karta hai.
• Embedded Systems: Smartphones, washing machines, microwaves, aur dusre electronic devices mein bhi ROM ka use hota hai unke basic operations ko control karne ke liye.

ROM ke kitne Types hote hain?

Time ke saath ROM technology mein bahut improvements huye hain. Pehle ROM ko ek baar manufacture karne ke baad change nahi kiya ja sakta tha, lekin ab aise types bhi hain jise baar-baar program kiya ja sakta hai.

Mainly ROM ke 4 core types hote hain:

1. MROM (Masked Read-Only Memory)

• Kya hai? MROM sabse purana aur sabse basic type hai ROM ka. Ismein data chip ko banate waqt hi manufacturer dwara permanently store kar diya jata hai.
• Khaas baat:
  • Yeh sabse sasti hoti hai, agar large quantities mein banaya jaye.
  • Data ko bilkul bhi change nahi kiya ja sakta.
• Istemal: Jaise calculators, arcade games, aur kuch purane embedded systems jahan program ko kabhi change karne ki zaroorat nahi padti.

2. PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory)

• Kya hai? PROM ek blank chip ki tarah aati hai jise ek baar user ya programmer dwara program kiya ja sakta hai. Ismein chote "fuses" hote hain jinhe high voltage pulse se burn karke data store kiya jata hai.
• Khaas baat:
  • Manufacturer dwara pre-programmed nahi hoti, user apni zaroorat ke hisab se program kar sakta hai.
  • Lekin, ek baar program karne ke baad ismein data ko erase ya change nahi kiya ja sakta. Agar galti ho gayi toh chip useless ho jaati hai.
• Istemal: Prototypes banane mein, ya aise applications jahan thodi flexibility chahiye thi lekin data ko baad mein change karne ki zaroorat nahi thi.

3. EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

• Kya hai? EPROM, PROM se ek step aage hai. Ismein data ko erase aur re-program kiya ja sakta hai. Iske liye chip par ek chhota sa "quartz window" hota hai. Jab is window par strong ultraviolet (UV) light daali jaati hai, toh chip ke andar ka data erase ho jata hai. Data erase hone ke baad, ise dobara program kiya ja sakta hai PROM ki tarah.
• Khaas baat:
  • Data ko kai baar erase aur re-program kiya ja sakta hai.
  • Erase karne ke liye UV light ki zaroorat hoti hai aur chip ko device se bahar nikalna padta hai, jo thoda complex process hai.
• Istemal: Purane computers mein BIOS storage ke liye, ya aise systems jahan firmware ko updates ki zaroorat pad sakti thi.

4. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory)

• Kya hai? EEPROM, EPROM ka advanced version hai. Ismein data ko erase aur re-program karne ke liye ultraviolet light ki zaroorat nahi padti. Ismein data ko electrically erase aur re-program kiya ja sakta hai, ek-ek byte level par bhi.
• Khaas baat:
  • Data ko device ke andar rehte hue hi erase aur re-program kiya ja sakta hai.
  • Bytes ko individually erase aur rewrite kiya ja sakta hai.
  • Erase/program cycle ki ek limit hoti hai (e.g., 10,000 to 100,000 times).
• Istemal: Modern computer BIOS, smart cards, remote keyless systems, aur aise applications jahan chote-mote updates ki zaroorat padti rehti hai.

5. Flash Memory (A Modern Type of EEPROM)

• Kya hai? Flash Memory technically EEPROM ka hi ek advanced form hai, lekin isne itni populariti haasil ki hai ki ise aksar ek alag category ke roop mein dekha jata hai. Yeh blocks mein data ko erase aur rewrite karti hai, na ki individual bytes mein (jaise EEPROM karta hai).
• Khaas baat:
  • Bahut fast hoti hai read aur write operations mein.
  • High storage capacity.
  • Non-volatile hai.
  • Compact aur power-efficient.
• Istemal: Smartphones, USB drives (pen drives), SSDs (Solid State Drives), digital cameras, memory cards – aajkal sabse zyada use hone wali non-volatile memory hai.

Conclusion

Toh dekha aapne, ROM computer ke liye kitni fundamental memory hai. Bhale hi hum ismein seedhe data save na karte hon, lekin iske bina hamara computer start hi nahi ho sakta. MROM se lekar modern Flash Memory tak, har type ki ROM ne computing technology ko aage badhane mein ek important role nibhaya hai.

Umeed hai, ab aapko ROM aur uske types ke baare mein acchi khaasi jaankari mil gayi hogi! Agar aapko computer ke kisi aur component ke baare mein jaanna hai, toh zaroor batana!